pylosophy education

Thursday, 10 September 2015

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION IN

PROGRESSIVISM AND Existentialism

GROUP             : IV

NAME              : GRACE THRESIA NAINGGOLAN

ID                    : 4133331080

MAJOR             : CHEMISTRY EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAME

MATHEMATIC AND NATURAL SCIENCE FACULTY

2015/2016

LIST CONTENT

List content………………………………………………………………...……………………. 2

Determining of PHYLOSOPHY………………….……………………………………………. 3

Phylosophy education of progressivism…………………………………...…………………... 4

The figure of progressivism………………………………………………...…………………... 5

Conclution………………………………………………………………………...……………... 6

Phylosophy education of existentialism………………………………………...……………... 6

Background of existentialism………………………………………….......………………….... 7

Flow characteristic existentialism……………………………………………..……………..... 8

The figure of existentialism………………………………………………..…………………… 8

Conclution…………………………………………………………………...………………...… 9

Refferences………………………………………………………………………………………10

Philosophy is a way of life of a person or group of people that is the basic concept of life with  aspired topic. Philosophy also be interpreted as an attitude of someone who is conscious and mature in thinking about everything deeply and wants to see in terms of extensive and thorough with every relationship.

Education is an effort to develop the potential of human physical potential learners both potential creativity, taste, so that it becomes a real potential and be able to function in the course of his life. Basic education is a universal human aspiration. Education aims to prepare a personal balance, unity. organic, harmonious, dynamic, in order to achieve the goal of human life. Educational philosophy is the philosophy used in the study of the problems of education.

Some schools of philosophy of education;
1. The educational philosophy of progressivism which is supported by a philosophy of pragmatism.
2. The educational philosophy of essentialism. supported by idealism and realism; and
3. Philosophy of education prenialism supported by idealism.

In his view progressivism argue there is no general theory of reality. According progressivism experience is dynamic and temporal, interrupts. never arrive at the most extreme, and pluralistic. According to progressivism, the value continues to grow due to new experiences between individuals with values ​​that have been stored in culture. Learning serves to heighten the level of social life is very complex. A good curriculum is the curriculum that is experimental, the curriculum at any time can be adjusted as needed.

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION PROGRESSIVISM

The flow of Progressivism

Progressivism is one school of philosophy of education that is growing rapidly at the beginning of the twentieth century and is very influential in the educational reform driven by the flow of naturalism and experimentalism, instrumentalism, evironmentalism and pragmatism so that the naming progressivism often called from the names of earlier flow.

Progressivism in his view is always associated with the notion of "the liberal road to cultural" namely liberal intended as a flexible (flexible and not rigid), tolerant and open mind, and wanted to know and investigate the sake of development experience. Progressivism referred to as naturalism that has the view that the actual reality is this universe (not the spiritual reality of the supernatural).
Therefore it will be studied further how basic concepts progressivism evolving, where the result will be a reference reforms

Progressivism is not a philosophy or school of philosophy of building a stand-alone, rather it is a movement and association which was founded in 1918. Over twenty years is a strong movement in the United States. Many teachers are skeptical of this movement, because teachers have studied and understand the philosophy of Dewey, as a reaction to other philosophies. Progressives alone criticize the philosophy of Dewey. Societal changes made by Dewey is an evolutionary change, while progressives expect rapid change, in order to more quickly achieve the goal.
At reaction against formalime and boring traditional schools, which emphasize the harsh discipline, passive learning, and lots of little things that are not useful in education. Furthermore, this movement is known as the appeals to the teachers: "We expect changes, as well as more rapid progress after the first world war".

Figures Progressivism
1. William James (January 11, 1842 - August 26, 1910)
James believes that the brain or the mind, as well as aspects of organic existence, must have a biological function and survival value. And he asserts that the function of the brain or mind was studied as part of the basic subjects of natural science. So James helped to liberate psychology from theological preconceptions, and placing it on the basis of behavioral science.

2. John Dewey (1859-1952)
John Dewey put forward his theory departed from the philosophy of pragmatism as measured by standart rational. Dewey's theory about the school is the "progressivism" that put more emphasis on students and their own interests rather than their subject area. Then came the "Child Centered Curriculum" and "Child Centered School". Progressivism prepare children present than future unclear

3. Hans Vaihinger (1852-1933)
Hans Vaihinger, He said that know it only has practical significance. Conformity with the object may not be proven; the only measure for thinking is useless (in Greek pragma) to influence events in the world. All the sense it's actually purely artificial. If the sense is useful. to rule the world, so-so is considered correct, as long as people know that the truth is nothing but a fallacy that is useful only.

The view Progesivism and Its Application in the Field of Education
Students are given the freedom both physically and way of thinking, in order to develop their talents and abilities latent in him, without hampered by barriers created by others, therefore philosophy progressivism not approve authoritarian education. Therefore, authoritarian education will turn off the shoots of the students to live as individuals happy face lessons. And at the same time creative power off both physically and psychologically students.
Philosophy of progressivism requires the type of curriculum that is both supple (flexible) and open. So that the curriculum can be changed and formed according to age. The nature of the curriculum is the curriculum that can be revised and adequate kind, is experimental or type Core Curriculum. Curriculum centered on experience or experimental curriculum is based on man in his life always interact. Progressivism does not want any given subject separately, but must ter-integration in the unit. Thus the core curriculum contains characteristics of integrated curriculum, which is the preferred method of problem solving. With the subjects are integrated in the unit, expected that children can develop physically and psychologically and can reach cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.

Conclusions:
1. The educational philosophy is the philosophy used in the study of educational issues fundamental to the ideals of universal humanity.
2. Progressivism referred to as naturalism that has the view that the actual reality is this universe (not the spiritual reality of the supernatural)
3. Philosophy of education progressivism supported by the flow of naturalism and experimentalism, instrumentalism, evironmentalism and pragmatism.
4. Figures progressivism like william james, john dewey and Hans Vaihinger.
5. In view, progressivism want freedom of the students both physically and way of thinking, in order to develop their talents and abilities latent in him,
6. According progressivism, the value continues to grow due to new experiences between individuals with values ​​that have been stored in culture. Therefore, the type of curriculum should be supple (flexible) and open, so any time can be adapted to the needs and age.

Philosophy of Existentialism
Existentialism is a stream that sees everything according to its existence or how humans are in the world. By existentialism etymology comes from the word that means the former outside, and systensi which means standing or placing, so widespread existence can be interpreted as a stand-alone as he once out of him , In general meaning, in the presence of man realized that he was there and everything is determined by the existence of human cause always looks around him, as well as his own.

Background The birth of Existentialism
Existentialism appears as a backdrop of dissatisfaction some philosophers who believe that Greek philosophy at the time when it was as a protest against Greek rationalism, especially the ability system, dissatisfaction with traditional philosophy that is both banal and primitive. In addition, the flow is born because of the awareness of some philosophers that human activity began shackled in technology that make them lose the essence of his life as a human being or beings that interact with nature and the surrounding environment not only with all-round instant.

The other opinion says that the birth of sourch existentialism because of the crisis or the crisis that occurred was a reaction to schools of philosophy that have been there before or the circumstances of the world, is:
1. Materialism
According to this view, the essence of man will be a thing, like wood or stone. The materialist does not say that man is the same as objects, but they say that in the end, in principle, In the end, the last human agency is something material. However Humans are superior to animals, but at the same human existence with animals.
2. Idealism
This flow view humans as subjects, just as consciousness, thinking and awareness aspects put excessive that it becomes the whole man even more - exaggerating again until no goods other than the mind.
3. The situation and conditions
Existentialism also because adanaisy western world erratic. Human appearance when it was full of secrets, peru- temple, hatred is rampant, the value is in crisis, even humans too crises. and religion no longer give meaning to life.

Of the many existentialist philosophers existentialism or who have different opinions and thoughts in all eksistentialism, we can find the same characteristics, which make the system can be labeled as existentialism. According to Aaron Hadiwijono (1990) characteristics are as follows:

1. The principal motive is the so-called existence, that is the way humans are. Only humans coexisting. Existence is the typical way humans are. The central concern is human.
2. The existence must be defined is dynamic. Existence means creating himself actively. Means exist to do, be, planned. Every human being becomes more or less than the condition.
3. In the human existentialism is seen as open. Man is a reality that has not been completed, which is still to be established. In essence, humans are bound to the surrounding world.
4. Existentialism put pressure on the concrete experience, experiences existential. Only the meaning of this experience is different. Heidegger applying pressure to the death, which is clouding everything, Marcel to the religious experience and the experience of living Jaspers diverse as death, suffering, struggle and error. (Drs. Surajiyo 2005, hlm.161-162)

Flow characteristics existentialism
1. Existentialism is rebellion and protest against the rationalism and modern society, especially the idealism of Hegel.
2. Existentialism is a process in the name of individualism against the concept - the concept, academic philosophy which is far from concrete life.
3. Existentialism is also a revolt against the impersonal nature (no personality) of the modern industrial age and technology as well as future movements.
4. Existentialism is a totalitarian movement proceedings against both motions fascist, communist tends to destroy or submerge the individual in the collective or the masses.
5. Existentialism emphasizes the human situation and prospects of people in the world.
6. Existentialism determine the uniqueness and the first position of existence, experience and awareness in the direct

Figure Existentialism and The Thinking

1. Soren Aabye Kierkegaard. At first he was interested in the philosophy of Hegel when he studied theology at the University of Copenhagen, who at that time (philosophy of Hegel) is popular among intellectuals in Europe, but not long later Soren Aabye Kierkegaard launched his criticism. Objections raised by Kierkegaard to Hegel is that Hegel underestimate the existence of concrete because he (Hegel) put the idea of ​​a general nature. Meanwhile, according to Kierkegaard humans never lived as a "general I", but as "I am an individual" is unique and can not be translated into something else.

2. Jean Paul Sarte Although Sartre came from Protestant Christian family and he himself was baptized into the Catholic, but in the development of his thinking he just does not adopt any religion. He was an atheist. He claimed did not believe anymore in God and this attitude emerged since he was 12 years old. For him, the literary world is a new religion, because he wants to spend his life as an author. Sartre never officially married, she lived with Simone de Beauvoir without marriage. They refused to marry because for them marriage was considered a bourgeois institution only.

3. Looking at the philosophy of Karl Jaspers aims to restore man to himself. Eksistensialism marked with the thought that using all objective knowledge and overcome the objective knowledge that human beings conscious of itself .There are two focus Jasper thought, namely the existence and transcendence.

CONCLUSION

Philosophy of Existentialism is a philosophy that emerged in the 19th century and famous in the 20th century. Because the emergence of a philosophy which is caused by dissatisfaction of the eksistenisalys to understand Materialism, Idealism is also due to the state of Western Europe at the time. Break understand a bodily materialism that sees human beings as a whole, while the physical is only part of the human being, regardless that human of thought and conscience. But on the contrary, in idealism aspects of thinking and conscious forgotten in precisely materialism to idealism upheld by all humans, no goods other than the mind. So, understand existentialism present as a way out and a mediator between the two. Existentialism philosophy holds that humans are also the subject of the object.

REFFERENCES

Purba, Edward. 2014. Filsafat Pendidikan. Medan : UNIMED PRESS

Hanifah, Abu. 1950. Rintisan Filsafat, Filsafat Barat Ditilik dengan Jawa Timur, Jilid 1. Jakarta : Balai Pustaka

Tirtarahardja,Umar dkk. 2005.Pengantar Pendidikan, Jakarta : PT. ASDI MAHASATYA